In Brazil, the official census distinguishes between "preto" (Black) and "pardo" (a category commonly associated with mixed racial ancestry). The unified political and legal category, known by the official Portugese term "negro", has historically encompassed both pretos and pardos (for the purposes of this debate, refer to this identity as "the unified category").

Brazil currently has race-based affirmative action policies, including quotas in higher education and public employment. These apply to the unified category as a whole. However, major federal quota programmes generally verify racial self-identification based on visible physical characteristics (phenotype) as a supplement, rather than ancestry alone.

The Movimento Negro Unificado (MNU), founded in 1978, is a historically influential Brazilian Black movement that has promoted the unified political identity in its struggle against racism. 

In recent years, advocates of Parditude have promoted greater recognition of pardo as an identity distinct from the unified category.

France's government borrowing costs have risen sharply in recent months, amid large budget deficits and difficulty passing a budget through parliament. 

The European Central Bank (ECB) can lower a eurozone government's borrowing costs by buying its bonds from investors. Under its main tool for this, the ECB will only buy a country's bonds if (1) the rise in borrowing costs is driven by market panic rather than by the country’s own economic situation (e.g. its debt and deficit levels), and (2) the country complies with EU budget rules. The ECB has said that current conditions in France have not met the standards of using this tool.

Gig workers in healthcare are medical professionals - such as doctors, nurses, therapists, and technicians - who work on short-term contracts, per-shift arrangements, or via digital platforms instead of holding permanent positions within hospitals or clinics.

This includes, but is not limited to, locum (temporary) doctors, agency nurses, per-diem staff, and telehealth practitioners.

The Green Revolution refers to a set of agricultural changes that began in Mexico in the 1940s and spread across much of Asia and Latin America from the mid-1960s. It centred on the adoption of new, high-yielding varieties of staple crops (wheat, rice, maize, etc.,) and input-intensive agricultural practices (chemical fertilisers, pesticides, and expanded irrigation). These methods were promoted by national governments, which often offered farmers subsidies, credit, and guaranteed purchase prices to adopt them.

Neural data refers to information derived from measurements of a person's brain or nervous-system activity. Current and emerging technologies such as brain imaging and brain-computer interfaces can use this data to infer information including intended movements, attempted speech, attention, or other cognitive states. 

Neural data can be used for medical treatment (e.g. supporting paralysed individuals) or augmentative technologies (e.g. commercial purposes, consumer use, workplace applications, etc.)